The painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) is well known for its seasonal long-distance migrations and for its dramatic population fluctuations between years. Although parasitism has occasionally been noted as an important mortality factor for this butterfly. no comprehensive study has quantified and compared its parasitoid complexes in differe... https://parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/broccoli/